History of Mosaics

Neolithic Period 4000 BC

While the Neolithic Period (approximately 4000 BC) predates the widespread use of mosaics as an art form, some archaeological evidence suggests that rudimentary forms of early mosaics were created by embedding shells and pebbles into floors and walls, providing an early glimpse into the artistic potential of this decorative technique.

Bronze Age 800 BC

During the Bronze Age around 800 BC, the art of mosaic flourished, with skilled artisans creating intricate and colorful designs using small pieces of stone, glass, or other materials, adding a touch of beauty and sophistication to architectural structures and artistic works.

Hellenic Period 400 BC

During the Hellenic Period around 400 BC, the art of mosaic reached new heights of complexity and sophistication. Skilled craftsmen utilized tesserae, small pieces of coloured marble or glass, to create intricate and detailed mosaics that adorned the floors and walls of grand buildings, showcasing scenes from mythology, daily life, and various artistic motifs, leaving a lasting legacy of artistic excellence from ancient Greece.

The Alexander Mosaic from Pompeii, ca. 100 BC.

Detail of an ornate mosaic border with birds. 1st century BC. Rome, Musei Capitolini.

Polychrome mosaic showing a Nilotic scene, Second half of the 1st century BC.

Axial Period 200 BC

Mosaic art, during the Axial Period around 200 BC, continued to thrive as an essential form of artistic expression, with cultures across various regions, including the Mediterranean and Near East, producing stunning mosaics that showcased a fusion of cultural influences and intricate designs, reflecting the interconnectedness and transformative nature of this pivotal historical era.

Roman Empire 27 BC

During the Roman Empire in 27 BC and throughout its reign, mosaic art became highly popular and widely utilized as a decorative technique in architecture, especially in grand villas, public buildings, and religious sites. Roman mosaics showcased exceptional craftsmanship and skill, featuring intricate designs of geometric patterns, mythological scenes, and realistic depictions of landscapes, animals, and human figures, highlighting the artistic achievements and cultural prowess of the ancient Roman civilization.

Detail of Alexander Mosaic, depicting Alexander the Great, c. 100 BC, Pompeii.

Tragic mask, detail of an ancient roman mosaic. Pompeii, Italy.

Byzantine Empire 5th century

In the 5th century, during the Byzantine Empire, mosaic art flourished as a significant form of artistic expression, particularly in the construction of lavish churches and religious buildings. Byzantine mosaics were renowned for their use of vibrant colors, intricate detailing, and a focus on religious themes, often portraying biblical figures, saints, and religious events with a divine aura, contributing to the unique and awe-inspiring atmosphere of Byzantine places of worship.

Islamic Empire 8th Century

During the Islamic Empire in the 8th century, mosaic art underwent a remarkable transformation due to the religious and cultural influences of Islam. Islamic mosaics, known as Zellige in Arabic, gained prominence as a distinctive form of art and architecture, characterized by intricate geometric patterns and arabesque designs. These mesmerizing mosaics adorned palaces, mosques, and madrasas, symbolizing the interplay of spirituality and artistry in Islamic culture, and their intricate beauty remains an enduring hallmark of Islamic architecture to this day.

19th Century

Overall, the 19th century witnessed a diverse and vibrant period in mosaic history, characterized by a blend of classical influences, new artistic movements, and technological advancements that shaped the evolution of mosaic art into the modern era.

Late Roman mosaics at Villa Romana La Olmeda, Spain, 4th-5th centuries AD.

Arabic arches and Byzantine mosaics in the Cappella Palatina of Roger II of Sicily.

The Umayyad mosaics of Hisham's Palace.

20th century

In the 20th century, mosaic art experienced a renaissance, with artists embracing its decorative potential to create intricate and nature-inspired designs, incorporating flowing lines and organic forms into public spaces, architectural facades, and interior decorations, leaving a lasting impact on the artist.

Modernity 21st century

In the 21st century, mosaic art has witnessed a renewed interest and evolution, with contemporary artists pushing the boundaries of traditional techniques, exploring new materials, and integrating technology into their creations. From large-scale public installations to innovative digital mosaics, modern mosaic artists continue to redefine the art form, blending ancient craftsmanship with cutting-edge ideas to captivate audiences and leave a lasting impression in the world of contemporary art.

Parc Güell, Barcelona, Spain. 20th century

Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 2020. 17400sqm